Other messengers: histamine, opioids, hormones and more
Rounds out the messengers you'll meet as side effects and drug targets: histamine, opioid peptides, hormones, endocannabinoids and adenosine.
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- Primary effects and side effects — Antihistamine drowsiness is a classic predictable side effect.
- Acetylcholine: nicotinic, muscarinic and AChE — Diphenhydramine also blocks muscarinic receptors.
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- Absorption and routes of administration — Opioid examples reappear: fentanyl patches, naloxone, buprenorphine/naloxone.
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Other messengers: histamine (first-generation antihistamines cause drowsiness by blocking H1 receptors in brain), opioid peptides (endorphins and enkephalins; mu receptor focus of opiate drugs), hormones – released from glands for wider circulation (not just within synapse), such as oxytocin and melatonin – plus endocannabinoids and adenosine.
Términos del curso
Las palabras de tu profesor, tal cual aparecen en las diapositivas. Aprende el término y esta definición; la explicación de abajo solo ayuda a entenderla.
- First-generation antihistamines
“First-generation antihistamines tend to cause drowsiness as a major side effect; H1 receptors in brain”Diapositivas 03, p. 40
Benadryl (diphenhydramine) is a first-generation antihistamine, with anticholinergic action at muscarinic receptors too.
- Second-generation antihistamines
“Second-generation antihistamines (Claritin; Zyrtec) don’t have action at H1 receptors in brain = no drowsiness”Diapositivas 03, p. 40
Same target, but they stay out of the brain.
- Opioid peptides
“Endorphins and enkephalins”Diapositivas 03, p. 42
Larger proteins; act at mu, kappa and delta receptors.
- Mu receptor
“Mu receptor focus of opiate drugs”Diapositivas 03, p. 42
Effects summed up as “CHARMED by opioids”.
- CHARMED
“Constipation Habit-forming Analgesia Respiratory depression Miosis Euphoria Drowsiness”Diapositivas 03, p. 42
The mu-opioid effects mnemonic.
- Hormone
“Released from glands for wider circulation (not just within synapse)”Diapositivas 03, p. 43
Why oxytocin and melatonin are hormones, not neurotransmitters; hormones can also bind intracellular receptors.
- Melatonin
“Sleep-inducing hormone, released in accordance with circadian rhythm”Diapositivas 03, p. 43
Binds MT receptors. Endogenous — the body makes it.
- Oxytocin
“Labor contractions and breastfeeding”Diapositivas 03, p. 43
Binds OXTR; role in social bonding — the “love” hormone.
- Endocannabinoids
“Modulate and regulate other NT release when produced and released (primarily presynaptic)”Diapositivas 03, p. 44
Named after cannabis, whose chemicals were documented first.
- Adenosine
“Byproduct of metabolic reactions; accumulated when expending energy (ATP)”Diapositivas 03, p. 44
Role in sleep and wakefulness; inhibitory.
De tu curso: Course slides 03, pp. 40–44
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Lección completa: Histamine, peptides and other messengers